Page-09 : Classification of Sunnah: Difference between Nafl, Mandub, Adab, and Mustahab: What is Makruh? Classification of Makruh: What is Haram?:

Classification of Sunnah:

والسنة نوعان سنة الهدى وهي السنة الموكددة القريبة من الواجب وتركها يوجب اساءة وكراهية  التى يضلل تاركها لان تركها استخفاف بالدين كالجماعة والاذان والاقامة ونحوها وسنة الزوائد وتركها لايوجب ذالك كسير النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم فى لباسه وقيامه و قعوده والنفل ومنه المندوب يثاب فاعله ولايسئ تاركه فلا فرق بين النفل وسنن الزوائد من حيث الحكم لانه لايكره ترك كل منهما

“Sunnah is of two kinds: 1. Sunnatul Huda or Sunnah Al-Muakkadah(Emphasized Sunnah) is closer to Wajib. Giving up this Sunnah makes bad and dislike necessary (in Deen), which misleads the person who gives it up because to give up Sunnah is similar to taking Deen lightly i-e neglecting Deen.  For example–Jamat, Azan Iqamat, and so on are Sunnah Al-Huda سنة الهدى) (or As-Sunnah Al- Muakkadah (السنة الموكدة). 2. Sunnah Zaidah:(Extra or additional Sunnah) giving up this duty doesn’t necessarily be an offense and disliked (in Deen) (It means- to give up this duty without reason is not an offense or disliked in Shariah). For example – the movement of the prophet (Sm.) in his dress, and style of standing up and sitting down.

Difference between Nafl, Mandub, Adab, and Mustahab: 

Nafl (optional duty) and Mandub(Required) both are the same. Its performer will be rewarded and its rejecter will not be an offender. So, there is no difference between Nafl and Sunnah Zaidah in the context of the rule, because giving up both of them is not disliked (in Shariah).

وهو المخبار من عدم الفرق بين المستحب والمندوب والادب كما فى حاشية نوح افندى على الدرر                                

An acceptable opinion is that- there is no difference between Mustahab, Mandub, and Adab. As it is in Noah Effendi's footnote on the book “Ad-Durar”. (Ref.1)

What is Makruh?

Makruh(مكروه): ما مدح الشارع تاركه ولم يذم فاعله مثل كراهة المشى فى نعل واحدة وكراهة النوم على البطن Makruh is such an activity, that its rejecter is praised by the legislator of Shariah( الشارع )and its doer is not to be blamed, for example –to walk in one shoe is Makruh and to sleep on the belly is Makruh.” (Ref.2)

Classification of Makruh:

“Makruh: مكروه (disliked/or not beloved) is of two kinds.

Al-Makruh Tahriman: وهو ما كان الى الحرام اقرب (المكروه تحريما) A rule which is very closer to Haram (Illicit). Muhammad (رحمه الله عليه) named it conceptual Haram ( (حراما ظنيا or Hadith-based Haram. Al-Makruh Tanzihan: وهو ما كان اولى تركه من فعله (المكروه تنزيها)ِ To give up is better than doing. This type of duty is called Al-Makruhu Tanjihan.”

انه فى رتبة الواجب لا يثبت الا بما يثبت به الواجب يعنى بالظنى الثبوت   Makruh Tahrimi is in the rank of Wajib. It is proved by what wajib is to be proved. It means- Makruh Tahrimi is proved by conceptual evidence i-e Hadith.

فان لم يكن الدليل نهيا بل كان مفيدا للترك الغير الجازم فهى تنزيهية If the evidence is not about  forbidding, but useful for giving up the uncertain matter, that is Makruh Tanjihi.”(Ref.3)

 Nafl:       اما النافلة فهى الزيادة فالنوافل من العبادة زوائد مشروعة لنا لا علينا و

And Nafl ( (النفل it is additional. So, Nafl Ibadats are extra or additional that are lawful for us, not against us. (Ref.4)

What is Haram?

 التحريمم : وهو ما طلب الشارع تركه طلباجازما بدليل قطعي الثبوت قطعي الدلالة مثل قتل النفس والزنا  وقال الحنفية اذا انكر المكلف فرضا او حراما فهو كافر                                                                                                                

Haram: It is what the legislator (الشارع)demanded to leave it as a definitive demand with definitive evidence, proved firmly, such as killing someone unjustly and adultery. (Ref.6)

(ألحرام) ألحرام ان ثبت بدليل قطعى كان الاجتناب عنه فرضا كشرب الخمر وان ثبت بدليل فيه شبهة كان الاجتناب عنه واجبا كاكل الضب وان كان مكروها كان ضده سنة او مندوبا                                    

" If Haram is proved by irrefutable evidence, abstaining from that is a Fard duty, like drinking alcohol. And if it is proved by the evidence in which there is suspicion, it is Wajib to avoid it, like eating a lizard, and if it is Makruh, that will be the opposite of Sunnah or Mustahab." (Ref.5)

References:(المراجع)

1. Raddul Muhtar Alad –Durril Mukhtar, Sharhu Tanwiril Absar, Renowned as Fatawa Shami, Author- Muhammad Amin, renowned as Ibnu Abedin, Study, investigation, and commentary made by  Adel Ahmad Abdul Maujud and Ali Muhammad Mu’waez Special Edition 2003, Volume-1, Page -218, 246, printed by Darul Kutubil Alamiah, Beirut, Lebanon.

2.   معجم مصطلحات العلوم الشريعة, a group of Authors, Volume-1. Page 1607- 2^nd Addition-2017

3. Raddul Muhtar Alad –Durril Mukhtar, Sharhu Tanwiril Absar, Renowned as Fatawa Shami, Author- Muhammad Amin renowned as Ibnu Abedin, its investigation and commentary made by  Adel Ahmad Abdul Maujud and Ali Muhammad Mu’waez Special Edition 2003, Volume-1, Page -257&258, كتاب الطهارة, printed by Darul Kutubil Alamih, Beirut, Lebanon

4. اصول السرخسى Author – Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Abi Sahl As-Sarakhsi, Volume-1, Page-115, and this book was investigated by Wafa Al-Afghani.

5. الوجيز فى اصول الفقه الاسلامى ,Author- الدكتور الاستاذ محمد مصطفى الزحيلي   &  Page-301

6. Usulush Shashi, Author –Nizamuddin Abi A’la Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ishaq Ash –Shashi, With the footnote  “Umdatul Hawashi Sharhu Usulush Shashi” by Al-Mowla Muhammad Fayedul Hasan Al-Kankuhi, Page -241, Darul Kutubil Ilmiah, Beirut, Lebanon.