Page-08 : The Rule of Islam about the denier of Fard and Wajib: Classification of Fard: Difference between Fard and Wajib:What is Sunnah?The rule of Shariah regarding a person who gives up Sunnah: What is Nafl?

The Rule of Islam about the denier of Fard and Wajib:

It is described in the main text of the book- “Kanzud Daqayeq”(كنز الدقائق)

واما الفرض فحكمه اللزوم علمابالعقل وتصديقا بالقلب وهو الاسلام وعملا بالبدن وهو من اركان الشرائع ويكفر جاحده ويفسق تاركه بلا عذر واما حكم الوجوب فلزومه عملابمنزلة الفرض لا علما على اليقين لما فى دليله من الشبهة حتى لايكفر جاحده  ويفسق تاركه وهكذا فى غيرما  كتاب من كتب الاصول كالمغنى والمنتخب والتنقيح والتلويحح والتحرير والمنار وغيرها   

 The provision of Shariah regarding  Fard is to have its knowledge by the intellect is necessary and to believe it by heart is Islam and to act physically is one of the pillars of Islam. Its denier will be Kafir, who gives it up without cause is Fasiq(Sinner). The rule of Wajib is- to do what is necessary like Fard. There is no knowledge of certainty about its evidence because its evidence is doubtful. So that its denier will not be Kafir and whoever gives it up will be Fasiq or a sinner. And the same is discussed in many books of Usul like Al-Mugnni, Al-Muntakhab, At-Tanqih, At-Talwih, At-Tahir, Al-Menar, etc. (Ref.1) 

Classification of Fard:

“Fard is of two kinds: 1.فرض العين Fardul Ain (A’in means – (Specified) it means everyone is personally liable for this duty. (For example- Salah, Sawm, Hajj Zakat, etc.)2.  فرض الكفاية Fardul Kifayah. (Kifayah means –sufficient) If some people in the community perform this duty, the rest of the people will be out of responsibility. (For example, Salatul Janazah or Funeral prayer, searching for knowledge, Jihad) If all the people give it up, then all will be sinners.” (Ref.2)

Difference between Fard and Wajib:

 As-Sarakhsi described in his book-حكى عن يوسف ابن خالد السمتى رحمه الله: قدمت على ابى حنيفة رضى الله عنه فسألته عن الصلاة المفروضة كم هى؟ فقال خمس فسألته عن الوتر  فقال واجب فقلت لقلة تأملى كفرت فتبسم فى وجهى ثم تأملت فعرفت ان بين الواجب والفريضة فرق كما بين السماء والارض فيىرحم الله ابا حنيفة ويجازيه خيرا على ما هدانى اليه       

“It is narrated on the authority of Yusuf Ibn Khalid As-Samti(Rah.), he said: I came to Abu Hanifa (R.) and asked him about Fard Salat, how many times is it? He said five. Then I asked him about withr (الوتر) Salat. He said -it is Wajib. I said I disbelieved because of my lack of thought. He smiled at me. Then I thought and realized that there is a difference between  Fard and Wajib as between heaven and earth, so, may Allah bless Abu Hanifa and reward him with good for what he guided me to.”(Ref.3)

What is Sunnah?

السنة الطريقة المعتادة وفى الاصول قوله عليه السلام وفعله وتقريره وفى فقه الحنفيه: ما واظب على فعله مع ترك ما بلاعذر

وجوب  كونه بلا ليلزم“Sunnah means -the usual way, in the terminology of Usul-i-Hadith – the  saying, action, and approval of our beloved prophet (Sm.)is Sunnah, and in Hanafi jurisprudence: The activity what he (Sm.) keeps on doing while he (Sm.) gives it up without  excuse so that it does not have to be Wajib.” (Ref.4)

Sunnah is defined in another book of Hanafi Mazhab as follows - 

السنة  ما واظب عليه النبى صلى الله عليه وعلى اله وسلم   مع تركه احيانا   “ Sunnah is that work which the   prophet (Sm.) kept on doing and sometimes left the doing.”(Ref.5) 

Nezamud–Din Abu Ali Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ishaq Ash-Shashi(Rah) said:

 والسنة عبارة عن الطريقة المسلوكة المرضية فى باب اللين سواء كانت من رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم او من الصحابة رضى الله تعالى عنهم  قال عليه السلام: عليكم بسنتي وسنة الخلفاء من بعدى عضوا عليها بالنواجذ(رواه الترمزى)

The rule of Shariah regarding a person who gives up Sunnah:

وحكمها: ان يطالب المرء باحياءها ويستحق اللائمة بتركها الا ان يتركها بعذر

“And Sunnah is a term used for the path followed as agreed in the chapter on flexibility, whether it was from Allah’s Rasul (Sm.) or Sahaba (R.). Our beloved prophet (Sm.) said,” you must hold on to my Sunnah after me and the Sunnah of the rightly guided Caliphs. Cling it with the molars. It means - "Hold it very strongly." (Hadith no- 2676, Tirmizi)

Its rule(حكمها) is that a person should want to revive it and the person who gives it up, will deserve blame, but to give up it due to an excuse is allowed. 

والنفل هو عبارة عما هو زيادة على الفراءض والواجبات وحكمه ان يثاب المرء على فعله ولا يعاقب بتركه والنفل والتطوع نظيران

The Nafl is a term used for duties in addition to Fard and Wajib duties, and its rule is that a person will be rewarded for his action and not be punished for his omission. Nafl and Tatawwu’ (والنفل والتطوع) both are the same.”(Ref.6)

References:(المراجع)

1. بحر الرائق شرح كنز الدقائق ,Volume-1 Page 11,Author-Zainud Deen renowned as Ibnu Najim (Rah.)

2.   شرح الورقات فى علم اصول الفقه   , Page-53, Author-جلال الدين محمد بن احمد المحلي الشافعى

3.  اصول السرخسى Author – Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Abi Sahl As-Sarakhsi, Volume-1, Page-112, This book was investigated by Wafa Al-Afghani

4. At-Tahriru Fi Usulil Fiqhe, Author –Kamalud DinMuhammad Ibn Abdul Wahid Ibn Abdul Hamid Ibn Masu’d and Ibn Hamam Uddin Al-Iskandar Alhanafi, renowned as As-Saywasi, Printed in the printing press of Mostofa Al-Babi Al-Halbi, Egypt.  , its teaching is  prescribed at the Faculty of Sharia in Al-Azhar Al-Sharif, printed in 1933 A.D. Chapter-3, Page no-303

5. Al-Hedayah, Sharhe Bidayatul Mubtadi, Author-Burhan Uddin Abul Hasan Ali Ibn Abi Bakr Al-Marginani with the explanation of Abdul Hai Al-Lakhnuwi, First addition-1417 Hijri year,  Volume-1, Kitabt Taharat, page-97.

6. Usulush –Shashi, Author –Nezamud –Din Abu Ali Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ishaq Ash-Shashi with the footnote of Umdatul Hawashi Sharhu Usulish- Shashi written by –Moula Muhammad Faidul Hasan Al- Kankuhi, Checked and corrected by Abdullah Muhammad Al-Khalili, published by Darul Kutub Al-Ilmih, Beirut, Lebanon,1^st Edition-2003 A.D. Page no-240.

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